The period between the 7th and 10th centuries in North India is often seen as a period of relative decline in long-distance trade and urbanization compared to earlier periods. While various internal factors contributed, external factors also played a role. The collapse of the West Roman Empire in the 5th century AD disrupted major Mediterranean trade routes which had connections, albeit indirect, with India. This long-term impact on major trading networks is considered a contributing factor to the decline of long-distance trade connecting with the west.