Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are atmospheric gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation, causing the greenhouse effect. Common GHGs include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), water vapor (H2O), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Nitrogen (N2), which constitutes about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, and oxygen (O2), which constitutes about 21%, are diatomic molecules with symmetrical structures. They do not absorb thermal infrared radiation effectively, unlike greenhouse gases which have asymmetric structures or multiple atoms enabling them to absorb and re- emit infrared radiation.