The TCP/IP model is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of the networking system. It typically consists of four layers: Application Layer, Transport Layer, Internet Layer (or Network Layer), and Link Layer (or Network Interface Layer). FTP (File Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System) are all protocols that operate at the Application Layer, providing services to applications. IP (Internet Protocol) operates at the Internet Layer, responsible for addressing and routing packets across networks.