- SQL (Structured Query Language) A standard language for managing relational databases. - DDL (Data Definition Language) For schema creation and modification (e.g., `CREATE TABLE`, `AL‐ TER TABLE`). - DML (Data Manipulation Language) For querying and modifying data (e.g., `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`). - DCL (Data Control Language) For access control (e.g., `GRANT`, `REVOKE`). - Query Retrieving data (`SELECT`). - Update Modifying existing data (`INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`).