- Participatory democracy is a model of democracy that emphasizes the broad participation of citizens in political decision-making. - C.B. Macpherson, a Canadian political theorist, critically analyzed liberal democracy and advocated for a more participatory model where citizens could actively participate in their own governance and development, moving beyond what he termed "possessive individualism". - F.A. Hayek was a proponent of classical liberalism and limited government. - Michael Oakeshott was a conservative political philosopher skeptical of rationalist approaches to politics. - Gaetano Mosca was an elite theorist who argued that political power is always held by a minority elite.