- Protoplasm refers to all the living substance within a cell membrane. - In eukaryotic cells, protoplasm includes the cytoplasm (the material within the cell membrane but outside the nucleus) and the nucleoplasm (the substance within the nucleus). - Cytoplasm itself consists of the cytosol (the jelly-like substance) and the organelles suspended within it. Nucleoplasm contains the genetic material (DNA) and other components of the nucleus.